BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRIAL WASTE AS PROBLEM TO HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRIAL WASTE AS PROBLEM TO HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

INTRODUCTION
A waste is any material., which is throw away or aside (and regarded) as worthless it may either be in solid, liquid or gaseous waste (oluwatuyi, 2000). Waste may also be described as residues from materials after such materials have been used or materials have been extracted. Hence, biological wastes are wastes from living things; they include urine faces water (their mixture is referred to as sludge or sewage ). Bird droppings and Agricultural wastes (Atlas, 2008)
According to the Longman English dictionary, wastes are Materials that are unwanted because the good part of them been removed, wastes arise as a result of industrial, domestic, Agricultural and municipal activities (Atlas, 2003)
The western Australia Government Department of Environmental Protection defined waste more comprehensive as:
1. Any substance that is discarded emitted or deposited in the in the environment in such volume, consistency or manner as to cause an alteration in the environment.
2. Any discarded, rejected, unwanted, surplus or a abandoned substance intended for sale or for recycling, reprocessing, recovery or purification by a separated operation from that which produced the substance.
Wastes generation is a side effect of consumption and production activities and tends to raise with the level of economic advancement (smith, 1996). Industrial wastes include company waste, kitchens waste, garden waste and bulky waste from households, paper waste discharge from officers, commercial waste generated by restaurants and human waste; The volume of household waste tends to increase in the number of disposable containers such as plastic bottles, paper carton and aluminum which can add to the volume of waste (Denefas et al., 2003) Garden wastes include plant debris, grass drippings, hay, straw, wood chips, poultry and farm animal manures kitchen wastes include food waste, fruits and vegetable peels, egg shells, tea bags, polythene bags wrappers of food and so on (Augstkola, 2003). And industrial waste, include metal waste, iron, non-iron powders, technology waste.
Biological wastes are mainly organic and easily degradable, for example Agricultural wastes which result from the interaction of man with his environment, unwanted inedible part of a particular food constitute waste. For instance yam and plantain peeling constitutes wastes from this, it is obvious that waste generation is an inseparable part of human and animal activities (Lewin, 1991). The residue that result from it can be referred to as biological waste (urine and feaces) other forms of biological wastes include Agricultural and animal wastes, such wastes are from crop production like coconut shells, cocoa pods, wastes from raising and slaughtering of live stocks like animals and bird droppings, they are dumped on to dunghills. The easily degradable ones that are not disposed generate bad odours as a result, of microbial actions.
According to the article published by ministry of Environment (2001). These industrial wastes become dangerous to the environment and human health because of the chemical composition and elements they are made up of some contain toxic elements such as mercury, cadmium and others are of big problem too (Denafas et al., 2003). There are different types of wastes based on the source; this will be based on the source. This will be discussed extensively later in this work. Unguided population and human activities are bound to generate greater volume of waste products. The major sources of such wastes, which could be solid, fluid, gaseous, have been enumerated (Egboka et al., 1997).
Wastes carry diverse species of pathogenic organisms which could cause dangerous water borne disease like cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, typhold fever, paratyphold, bacillary dysentery, tuberculosis, respiratory tract infection, amoebic dysentery, bilharzins, helmithiasis; these disease are common complaints among students and other members of the public (Atlas, 2003 ) they reduce manpower productivity and useful man hours. All the disease can also occur at epidemic level if not control, hence the need for a well orchestrated environment policy and campaign in the institution.(ogunlade,2000)

1.2 TYPES AND SOURCES OF WASTE,
There are different types and sources of wastes, they include the following:

INDUSTRIAL WASTE: Among the waste generated by industrial activity,19 types identified by law as industrial waste, including sludge from factories, animal excreta and rubble; account for 80% of industrial waste. In addition to these, there are such kinds of waste as medical waste which require special treatment. (Mack,1999)
Industrial waste often contains harmful materials. For example, some of the organochlorine compounds contained in the drainage and waste form factories become stable in nature, and tend to accumulate in the bodies of animals, eventually polluting the neighbouring rivers, sea, and soil and contaminating ground waste impact not only on ecosystem.
The industrial waste ranges from small scale industries to the large scale chemical industries, for instance used oil from automobiles, shops, decaying, effluent from mills (e.g, cassava ), printing press paper, wood pulps from carpenters, decaying logs saw dust chaffs, plastic, industrial chemical industrial wastes and so on. (Goodwin et al.1996).
HOUSEHOLD: The waste generated from household include bottles, plastics, nylons leather materials, clothing books, wrappings, peeling and spoilt food materials. We can also have kitchen waste water, bathroom waste water, sewage and night soil (Which included faeces, urine).
AGRICULTURAL WASTE: there are much waste generated from areas that the inhabitants are mainly agrarian, some of the include rice – chaff (from mills), cowpeas, cassava peeling, animal droppings, leaf litters, poultry, litters cocoa pods, run – off from farm i.e. pesticide, herbicides, insecticides and so on.
COMMERCIAL REFUSE: This includes market square refuse remains of sold items such as food materials, waste from ablators and fish sellers, construction and demolition debris such as dilapidated building that are eventually pulled down and road construction materials e.g barrels for heating bitumen and other sources of wastes in the environment include animal dropping as a result of massive free range practice in animal husbandry; oil pollution from oil/petroleum industries where petroleum product are released intermittently and accidentally into the environment. (Eggins,1991).
BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL WASTE; PROBLEM TO HUMAN ENVIRONMENT. Most of them are not dangerous for the environment and human health if treated properly treated, but if not treated the waste then have negative impact on the environment in the following wings ways: according to Khirshorn (1996)
1. The waste if not removed in time, become a feeding media for pathogenic infections organism of different diseases.
2. Dirty streets look them clean
3. Decay of waste is accompanied by unpleasant smell, harmful gaseous substance and liquid which represent danger for health.
NOXIOUS ODOURS: The discharge of waste gives rise to variety of offensive odours, which in turns attracts pests such as flies and mice leading serious to hygienic the origins of such smells and chemicals, such as Ammonia and hydrogensulfide, which in addition cause uncomfortable sensations also contribute health problems such toxicification of the respiratory system (khirshorn,1996).
1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CAUSED BY WASTE PROCESSING.
Most waste are burned to reduce its total volume, and the ash residue sent to a treatment center and used as landfill (Eggins et al.1991). it is known that the incineration of waste release small quantities of highly hazardous chemical materials such as dioxins. Incinerator design should prevent the formulation of these harmful chemical materials and effectively exhaust gas to prevent further damage to the environment. However, some developing countries do not have adequate waste treatment facilities, so unprocessed waste is simply dumped, causing marine pollution and soil contamination. (Eggins et al, 1991)
1.5 THE MECHANISM OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY WASTE.
Environmental pollution by waste occurs when is treated and dumped inappropriately. Chemical pollution has emerged as a major problem. For example, dioxins released by waste incineration, harmful materials in landfill liquid industrial waste as a source of underground pollution, leakage from products containing polychlorinated bipheny1 (PCB) and atmospheric pollution by pluorochlorocarbons. (Knorr,1995). Air pollution is the human introduction biphenyl (PCB) and atmospheric pollution by pluorochlorocarbons. (Knorr, 1995). Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damage the environment. Air pollution cause death, respiratory disease, air pollution is often identified with major stationary sources, but the greatest source of emissions is mobile sources mainly automobiles, Gases such as carbon dioxide which contribute to global worming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by climate scientists while they also recognize that carbon dioxide is essential for plant life through photosynthesis. The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gabeous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human heath as well as to the earth’s ecosystems.
Most of these chemicals are relatively stable in the environment and are carried afar by the atmospheric cycle by rivers and by ocean currents. In certain cases, they bring about the pollution of the whole earth. Furthermore, another regional mechanism of pollution involves the import, export and ocean dumping of hazardous waste, actions which are strictly prohibited by international conventions including based convention and the London convention. (urban, 2003).

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1.6 DIOXINS AS A PROBLEM IN WASTE TREATMENT
The terms ‘dioxins’ refer to a large group of substance such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorine debenzofuran (PCDF) and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). Dioxins are very stable and once in plce do not decompose readily. Also once dioxins enter the bodies of animals they tend to accumulate there consequently. In species of higher in the food chain (human beings, bird etc) the density of these substance increase over a long time, with an accompanying increase in the probability of toxicity (Atlas, 2003).
Dioxins which formed when products containing polyvinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride or ordinary sait are burned at a temperature of less than 8000c can be released into the atmosphere by the smoke from incineration. These plastics are commonly used in food wraps and plastic bags and when they are burned at low temperature by households, be schools and be small factories, dioxins are likey to be formed (staudinger, 1990).
Other sources of dioxins include the electric ovens used in steel plants, the exhaust gas of automobiles and the fabrication prosesses used in the synthetic textile industry moreover; dixins are also formed in natural disaster such as forest fires and wooden house fires. However waste incineration generates the largest quantities of dioxins. (Atlas, 2003).
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Dioxin is the general term for a large group of substances such polychlorinated dibenzo-p-poly chlorinated biphenyl. (PCDD), poluchlorianted dibenzo-furan (PCDF) and co planar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB).

1.7 TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE BY SEWAGE
Transmission of disease has been accredlted to contamination by wastes (Atlas, 1995). For instance, microorganism can exist in human faeces, urine and feacal contamination of wastes has been the primary mode of transmission of hepatitis virus. A disease of the liver. In America in 1960, it was found that many patients with hepatitis has eaten seafoods harvested/contaminated because of the inability of sewage treatment and disposed plants to cope with the increased sewage load from new york, new jersey metropolition area. (Alter, 1990). Also, faecal contamination of water is a means of transmitting typhod fever caused by salmonella typhi (Atlas, 2003).
Bathroom run-off (wastes) occurs in the liquid form if not well manged, it flows from the points of generation and constitute nuisance in the area through which it flows. The area will not be spared from bad odour emanating from the microbial degradation of the constituent of the run-off even if it stagnant. (Action plan, 1996). The liquid wastes can be seen flowing along roads in many areas even at the height of the dry season. Such wastes are good grounds’ for breeding mosquitoes and other disease causing insects. (Action plan, 1996)
Biological solid wastes (like human faeces and refuse) remain at the point of generation until they are or pacted to ther places. If they are not removed from the point of generation and deposited somewhere also, that location becomes dirty, unsightly and the wastes may constitute great hazard and risks to the people living in the vicinity.

1.8 CONTROAL OF THE WASTE PROBLEM
1. PREVENTING DIOXIN FORMATION
To prevent the formation of dioxins it is important to burn waste compositely. Techniques for ensuring completely combustion include maintaining the incinerator at temperature above 8000c, if possible above 10000c ensuring a flow of mixture of air and burning waste; and keeping incinerated waste in the incinerator for more than a few seconds. One other way is to coast the waste to convert it into a gas and then that gas in order to burns the remaining carbonized waste at high temperature (milts et al, 1991).
In order to solve the problems of environmental pollution and it impact on ecosystem, the government of every country must make an effort to reduce dioxin formation. Most countries have set standards for the density of dioxins in the exhaust of the incinerator and electric ovens and have passed laws governing this, since chemical materials such as dioxins disperse all over the earth through air and water cycles. International surveillance and regulation are essential. (scolt et al, 1991).

1.9 PREVENTING THE GENERATION OF WASTE
large scale dumps, including waste treatment centers are causing various problems. The first priority then is to reduce the volume of waste generated. To that end, each individual must consider his or her daily consumption and recycling patterns and refrain from using disposable products, and excessive packaging. More over, it is necessary to develop products, which places fewer burden on the environment, products which generate little waste and recyclable products. Mass production and mass consumption have been the driving force behind the prosperity of the industrialized countries but this situation in needs of rethinking. One familiar example is that when people throw away clothes which are not wearable anymore but due to a change of body size, those clothes simple becomes waste. However, if the clothes are taken to the recycling shop or a flea market, they will be reused as clothes. Another alternative is to convert the clothe back into raw textile materials and process them to new forms such as cloths or blankets. One other possibility is to reuse the clothes as industrial wash clothes.

1.9.1 RECYCLING
Most waste can be treated in relatively simple ways, or can be reused. The term ‘recycling’ until now has been treated as waste, or converting them back into raw materials. (mack et al, 1991). The reuse waste rather than dumping it is clearly beneficial from the ecological point of view.
Recycling reduces overall energy consumption and prevents environmental pollution. For example, if we reuse the iron in a machine, we can reduces the energy needed to extract iron from ore by 65%.
Revising the aluminum can require about thirty-third of the energy required to male a new aluminum can from bauxite (aluminum ore). The recycling of one ton of second hand paper such as newspaper and milk cartons produces the same amount of pulp as that made by the cutting down of 20trees of meters in height (Atlas, 2003).

1.9.2 DISPOSAL
This involves the method (s) used in disposing-off the wastes/refuses. The methods include incineration, recycling, sanitary land filling and composting. Olubanji (1997)n in his own contribution referred to efficient system of sewage drainage and waste refuse disposal as one of the essential aspects affecting human heaith and the environmental quality of the human settlement. Gilberson (1999) observed that transforming of wastes from one place to another without considering the resuitant health hazards may lead to pollution of water, air and soil.

1.9.3 INCINERATION
Biological wastes like leaf-lilters, yam and plantain peels, decaying logs and other plant materials can be burnt. This can be done if they are dried, but this method have been discouraged by authorities because of air pollution. Even after buring ashes are left behind which has to be removed and disposed. (oluwatuyi et al, 2000).

1.9.4 SANITARY LAND FILLING
This is one of the simplest and less expensive methods of waste disposal. The solid biological wastes are disposed in low-lying land. The principle behind this method of waste disposal is microbial decomposition. (Atlas, 2003). These Can cause odour problem. attract insects and rodents. So each day’s deposit is covered with soil. After covering, the organic waste in the landfull undergoes slows, anaerobic microbial decomposition

1.9.5 COMPOSITION
Biological waste are mainly organic and can be biodegraded by compositing according to Atlas (1995) it is process by which solid haterogenous organic malter is degraded by aerobic mesophilic and thermophilic organisms; and thermophilic organisms; organic wastes materials into a stable, humus-like product which can be used for solid improvement (mack et al. 1991)
1.96. Decaying
All things in nature ultimately succumb to decay. Much of this is a natural consequence of the laws of thermodynamics. A large proportion of waste degrades because their components are subjected to the action of enzymes (smith et al., 1996). Unfortunately for human’s many of the waste that we produce do not decay as fast as we would like. They end up polluting the air, land and water. Two major factors prevent our waste from decaying rapidly.
CONCLUSION

Firstly, we produce so much at time that rate of natural decay is in-significant compared to the amount present. Secondly, most waste end up in the areas not conducive now develop bioremediation as a way to accelerate or encourage the removal of toxic substances and waste from the environment.
The problem of industrials waste can be solved by:
1. Proper disposal of waste in the home by the use of solved waste bins or composition bins.
2. Recycling of waste or bioremediation process which involves the microbial transformation or recycling of the waste
3. collection of industrial waste disposal companies with the aid of vehicles


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